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Cook spaghetti in a large pot of generously salted water over medium-high until al dente, about 12 minutes. Reserve 1 cup pasta cooking liquid. Drain spaghetti.
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Meanwhile, preheat oven to broil with rack about 8 inches from heat. Broil poblanos and garlic on an aluminum foil–lined baking sheet until charred, 2 to 3 minutes per side for garlic and 6 to 8 minutes per side for poblanos.
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Place charred poblanos in a medium bowl, and cover using plastic wrap; let steam for 10 minutes. Rub off and discard charred skin from poblanos. Cut poblanos in half; remove and discard seeds and stem. Remove and discard garlic skins.
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Place poblanos, garlic, crema, scallions, jalapeño, cilantro, cumin, and salt to a blender. Process until a smooth sauce forms, about 1 minute.
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Pour poblano sauce into a large, deep skillet; bring to a simmer over medium. Add cooked spaghetti, butter, and 1/2 cup reserved pasta cooking liquid to skillet. Cook, stirring constantly, until butter melts and sauce thickens enough to coat pasta, about 3 minutes, adding up to remaining 1/2 cup pasta cooking liquid as needed to achieve desired sauce consistency. Season to taste with additional salt. Garnish with queso fresco, and serve immediately.