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Pat shrimp dry using paper towels. Toss together shrimp, salt, baking soda, and 1 teaspoon sugar in a medium bowl until evenly coated. Refrigerate, uncovered, until ready to use.
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Meanwhile, preheat a 6-quart air fryer to 400℉ for 5 minutes. Stir together rice and 2 tablespoons sesame oil in a large bowl until combined. Arrange half of rice in a thin even layer in basket of air fryer. Cook, undisturbed, until golden and crisp on 1 side, about 8 minutes. Stir rice, and continue cooking until evenly golden, about 2 minutes more. Transfer crispy rice to a plate. Repeat cooking process with remaining rice. Wipe bowl clean, and set aside.
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While second batch of rice cooks, whisk together fish sauce, lime juice, water, 1 tablespoon oil, and remaining 1 teaspoon sugar in reserved large bowl until sugar dissolves; set aside.
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Pat shrimp dry again using paper towels. Add remaining 1 tablespoon oil to shrimp; toss to coat. Arrange shrimp in air fryer basket in a single layer, making sure shrimp are not touching. Cook, undisturbed, until shrimp are cooked through and have just turned opaque, about 4 minutes.
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Add onion, bean sprouts, mixed herbs, chile, cucumber, garlic, shrimp, and rice to fish sauce mixture; toss to combine. Top with peanuts, and garnish with additional herbs. Serve immediately.